It probably a reflection of the provenance of telecommunications, that it originated in inseparable integration that it has remained in private hands for so long. Even when separation was possible (and the development of modular solutions) the inertia of a large comfortable incumbent prolonged the illusion that telecommunications, including the Internet, must be supplied by an integrated national organisation, or an oligopoly of such entities as an integrated solution of access and services. Clearly the Internet, and the externalisation of standards and the potential for separation of services and infrastructure, do not require any such entity or integration of services and connectivity. Co-operation combined with reduced co-ordination costs means that small pieces loosely joined can do the job. But structural separation is the only certain way to ensure carriage competition delivers best net neutral solutions and service competition provides best service solutions.